Potato Cultivation
INTRODUCTION
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the main source of carbohydrates, thus becoming an important commodity. PT. NUSANTARA NATURAL national efforts to improve potato production in quantity, quality and equipment based on environmental sustainability (Aspect 3K).
GROWTH CONDITIONS
2.1. Climate
The average rainfall is 1500 mm / year, radiation are 90-10 hours / day, optimal temperature 18-21 ° C, humidity 80-90% and a height between 1000-3000 m above sea level.
2.2. Growing Media
Crumb structure, friable, many containing organic matter, well drained and have a deep topsoil and pH between 5.8 to 7.0.
TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
3.1. Nurseries
- Bulbs from seed tuber production weighs 30-50 grams, aged 150-180 days, no defects, and superior varieties. Select a medium-sized tubers, have 3-5 buds and only until the fourth generation only. After bud + 2 cm, ready to be planted.
- When you buy seeds (try a certified seeds), weighing between 30-45 grams with 3-5 buds. Planting can be done without / with the division. Cutting tubers into 2-4 pieces performed by the existing buds. Before planting bulbs use POC NASA's first soaked for 1-3 hours (2-4 cc / lt of water).
3.2. Media Processing Plant
Land plowed 30-40 cm and leave for 2 weeks before it is made beds with width 70 cm (1 plant lines) / 140 cm (2 lines of plants), height 30 cm and for sewer and water as deep as 50 cm width 50 cm.
Natural Glio who have first bred in manure + 1 week, scattered evenly on the beds (dosage: 1-2 Natural packaging Glio mixed fertilizer kandang/1000 50-100 kg m2).
3.3. Planting Technique
3.3.1. Basic Fertilization
a. Inorganic fertilizer in the form of urea (200 kg / ha), SP 36 (200 kg / ha), and KCl (75 kg / ha).
b. Pour fertilizer NASA POC that has been mixed enough water evenly over the beds, dose of 1-2 vials / 1000 m². The result would be great if you use SUPER NASA by:
Alternative 1: 1 bottle of Super Nasa diluted in 3 liters of water used as mother liquor. Then every 50 liters of water were given 200 cc of mother liquor had to flush the beds.
Alternative 2: every 1 gembor vol 10 lt given 1 tablespoon Super Nasa pressed to flush the 10-meter beds.
Watering POC NASA / SUPER NASA conducted before manure application.
c. Give manure 5-6 tons / ha (mixed beds or on land given to the planting hole) one week before planting,
3.3.2. How Planting
Distance dependent plant varieties, 80 cm x 40 cm or 70 x 30 cm with the grains + 1300-1700 kg / ha (30-45 g tuber weight). Planting time at the end of the rainy season (April to June).
3.4. Plant Maintenance
3.4.1. Stitching
Stitching to replace plants that do not grow / growing ugly done 15 days since grown.
3.4.2. Weeding
Weeding is performed at least twice during the planting period 2-3 days before / simultaneously with subsequent fertilization and penggemburan.
3.4.3. Pruning Flowers
At the flowering potato varieties should be pruned to prevent disruption of tuber formation process, because the seizure occurred nutrients.
3.4.4. Following Fertilization
a. Fertilizer Macro
Urea / ZA: 21 days after transplanting (DAT) 300 kg / ha and 45 DAT 150 kg / ha.
SP-36: 21 HST 250 kg / ha.
KCl: 21 HST 150 kg / ha and 45 DAT 75 kg / ha.
Fertilizer macro given distance of 10 cm from the stem of the plant.
b. NASA POC: from age 1 week to 10 or 11 weeks.
Alternative I: 8-10 times (1-week interval with a dose of 4 cap / tank or 1 bottle (500 cc) / 200 lt drum of water.
Alternative II: 5-6 times (once with intervals of 2 week of dose of 6 cap / tank or 1.5 bottles (750 cc) / 200 lt drum of water.
c. HORMONIK: NASA POC spraying will be optimized if mixed HORMONIK (dose of 1-2 cap / tank or + 2-3 bottles / drums 200 liters of water).
3.4.5. Irrigation
Watering regularly once in 7 days with at gembor, Power Sprayer or by irrigating ditch until moist areas (about 15-20 minutes).
3.5. Pests and Diseases
3.5.1. Pest
Armyworm (Spodoptera litura)
Symptoms: larvae attack the leaves until exhausted leaves. Control: (1) cut the leaves that have been plastered eggs, (2) spraying Vitura Natural and environmental sanitation.
Aphids (Aphis Sp)
Symptoms: Aphids suck the fluids and infect plants, also can transmit the virus. Control: cut and burn infected leaves and spraying PESTONA or BVR.
Orong-orong (Gryllotalpa Sp)
Symptoms: attack the tubers in the garden, roots, young shoots and young plants. As a result, plants become susceptible to bacterial infections. Control: Pengocoran PESTONA.
Root borer (Phtorimae poerculella Zael)
Symptoms: dark red leaves and looks like a fabric of gray yarn which is a caterpillar wrapping material. Bulbs are attacked when cut open, visible holes because some bulbs had been eaten. Control: Pengocoran PESTONA.
Pests trips (Thrips tabaci)
Symptoms: the leaves have white spots, turned into a silver gray and dry. The attack started from the ends of the leaves are still young. Control: (1) cut the leaves are attacked, (2) using PESTONA or BVR.
3.5.2. Disease
Late blight
Cause: The fungus Phytopthora infestans. Symptoms: small patches resulting green-gray and slightly moist until the color changed to brown to black with white edges that are sporangium and leaf rot / die. Control: Sanitation garden. Prevention by use of Natural Glio before or early in the planting.
Bacterial wilt disease
Cause: Pseudomonas solanacearum. Symptoms: young leaves on shoots several crops withered and old leaves, yellowing leaves bottom. Control: Sanitation garden, crop rotation. Prevention by use of Natural Glio before or early in the planting.
Root rot disease
Cause: The fungus Colleotrichum coccodes. Symptoms: The leaves turn yellow and curl, then withered and dry. The plant is located in the ground there were patches of brown. Infection will cause the roots and young tubers rot. Control: crop rotation, sanitation, gardens and use good seed. Prevention by use of Natural Glio on before or early planting
Fusarium Disease
Cause: The fungus Fusarium sp. Symptoms: rotten bulbs that causes plants to wilt. This disease also attacks the potatoes in the warehouse storage. Infection enter through the wounds caused by nematodes / mechanical factors. Control: avoid the occurrence of injuries at the time of weeding and pendangiran. Prevention by use of Natural Glio before or early in the planting.
Dry spot disease (Early Blight)
Cause: The fungus Alternaria solani. Fungi live disisa sick plant and grow in dry areas. Symptoms: small stained leaves scattered irregularly, dark brown color, extends to young leaves. Tuber skin surface stained irregularly dark, dry, wrinkled and hard. Control: crop rotation. Prevention: Natural Glio before / early planting
Diseases due to virus
Viruses that attack are: (1) Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) causes the leaves to roll, (2) Potato virus X (PVX) causes latent mosaic on the leaves, (3) Potato Virus Y (PVY) causes mosaic or local necrosis; ( 4) Potato Virus A (PVA) causes mosaic software, (5) Potato virus M (PVM) causes mosaic of rolling, (6) Potato Virus S (PVS) causes mosaic limp. Symptoms: in the attack, the plants grow stunted, straight and pale with kecil-kecil/tidak tuber yield at all; leaf yellowing and tissue death. The spread of viruses carried by farm equipment, aphids Aphis spiraecola, A. gossypii and Myzus persicae, and Coccinella Epilachna beetles and nematodes. Control: no pesticides to control the virus, prevention and control is done by planting virus-free seedlings, clean equipment, cut and burn the sick plants, vector control with PESTONA or BVR and crop rotation.
Note: If a pest control using natural pesticides can not cope with the recommended use of chemical pesticides. To be more evenly spraying of chemical pesticides and are not easily lost by rainwater add Adhesives Straighten AERO 810, dose + 5 ml (1 / 2 cap) / tank.
3.6. Harvest
Age on potato harvest ranged from 90-180 days, depending on the varieties of plants. Physically potato can already be harvested when the leaves have a yellowish color that is not caused disease attack; stem of the plant has yellow (slightly dry) and peel will be correlated with the tuber flesh, peeling skin is not fast when rubbed with fingers.
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the main source of carbohydrates, thus becoming an important commodity. PT. NUSANTARA NATURAL national efforts to improve potato production in quantity, quality and equipment based on environmental sustainability (Aspect 3K).
GROWTH CONDITIONS
2.1. Climate
The average rainfall is 1500 mm / year, radiation are 90-10 hours / day, optimal temperature 18-21 ° C, humidity 80-90% and a height between 1000-3000 m above sea level.
2.2. Growing Media
Crumb structure, friable, many containing organic matter, well drained and have a deep topsoil and pH between 5.8 to 7.0.
TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR RAISING
3.1. Nurseries
- Bulbs from seed tuber production weighs 30-50 grams, aged 150-180 days, no defects, and superior varieties. Select a medium-sized tubers, have 3-5 buds and only until the fourth generation only. After bud + 2 cm, ready to be planted.
- When you buy seeds (try a certified seeds), weighing between 30-45 grams with 3-5 buds. Planting can be done without / with the division. Cutting tubers into 2-4 pieces performed by the existing buds. Before planting bulbs use POC NASA's first soaked for 1-3 hours (2-4 cc / lt of water).
3.2. Media Processing Plant
Land plowed 30-40 cm and leave for 2 weeks before it is made beds with width 70 cm (1 plant lines) / 140 cm (2 lines of plants), height 30 cm and for sewer and water as deep as 50 cm width 50 cm.
Natural Glio who have first bred in manure + 1 week, scattered evenly on the beds (dosage: 1-2 Natural packaging Glio mixed fertilizer kandang/1000 50-100 kg m2).
3.3. Planting Technique
3.3.1. Basic Fertilization
a. Inorganic fertilizer in the form of urea (200 kg / ha), SP 36 (200 kg / ha), and KCl (75 kg / ha).
b. Pour fertilizer NASA POC that has been mixed enough water evenly over the beds, dose of 1-2 vials / 1000 m². The result would be great if you use SUPER NASA by:
Alternative 1: 1 bottle of Super Nasa diluted in 3 liters of water used as mother liquor. Then every 50 liters of water were given 200 cc of mother liquor had to flush the beds.
Alternative 2: every 1 gembor vol 10 lt given 1 tablespoon Super Nasa pressed to flush the 10-meter beds.
Watering POC NASA / SUPER NASA conducted before manure application.
c. Give manure 5-6 tons / ha (mixed beds or on land given to the planting hole) one week before planting,
3.3.2. How Planting
Distance dependent plant varieties, 80 cm x 40 cm or 70 x 30 cm with the grains + 1300-1700 kg / ha (30-45 g tuber weight). Planting time at the end of the rainy season (April to June).
3.4. Plant Maintenance
3.4.1. Stitching
Stitching to replace plants that do not grow / growing ugly done 15 days since grown.
3.4.2. Weeding
Weeding is performed at least twice during the planting period 2-3 days before / simultaneously with subsequent fertilization and penggemburan.
3.4.3. Pruning Flowers
At the flowering potato varieties should be pruned to prevent disruption of tuber formation process, because the seizure occurred nutrients.
3.4.4. Following Fertilization
a. Fertilizer Macro
Urea / ZA: 21 days after transplanting (DAT) 300 kg / ha and 45 DAT 150 kg / ha.
SP-36: 21 HST 250 kg / ha.
KCl: 21 HST 150 kg / ha and 45 DAT 75 kg / ha.
Fertilizer macro given distance of 10 cm from the stem of the plant.
b. NASA POC: from age 1 week to 10 or 11 weeks.
Alternative I: 8-10 times (1-week interval with a dose of 4 cap / tank or 1 bottle (500 cc) / 200 lt drum of water.
Alternative II: 5-6 times (once with intervals of 2 week of dose of 6 cap / tank or 1.5 bottles (750 cc) / 200 lt drum of water.
c. HORMONIK: NASA POC spraying will be optimized if mixed HORMONIK (dose of 1-2 cap / tank or + 2-3 bottles / drums 200 liters of water).
3.4.5. Irrigation
Watering regularly once in 7 days with at gembor, Power Sprayer or by irrigating ditch until moist areas (about 15-20 minutes).
3.5. Pests and Diseases
3.5.1. Pest
Armyworm (Spodoptera litura)
Symptoms: larvae attack the leaves until exhausted leaves. Control: (1) cut the leaves that have been plastered eggs, (2) spraying Vitura Natural and environmental sanitation.
Aphids (Aphis Sp)
Symptoms: Aphids suck the fluids and infect plants, also can transmit the virus. Control: cut and burn infected leaves and spraying PESTONA or BVR.
Orong-orong (Gryllotalpa Sp)
Symptoms: attack the tubers in the garden, roots, young shoots and young plants. As a result, plants become susceptible to bacterial infections. Control: Pengocoran PESTONA.
Root borer (Phtorimae poerculella Zael)
Symptoms: dark red leaves and looks like a fabric of gray yarn which is a caterpillar wrapping material. Bulbs are attacked when cut open, visible holes because some bulbs had been eaten. Control: Pengocoran PESTONA.
Pests trips (Thrips tabaci)
Symptoms: the leaves have white spots, turned into a silver gray and dry. The attack started from the ends of the leaves are still young. Control: (1) cut the leaves are attacked, (2) using PESTONA or BVR.
3.5.2. Disease
Late blight
Cause: The fungus Phytopthora infestans. Symptoms: small patches resulting green-gray and slightly moist until the color changed to brown to black with white edges that are sporangium and leaf rot / die. Control: Sanitation garden. Prevention by use of Natural Glio before or early in the planting.
Bacterial wilt disease
Cause: Pseudomonas solanacearum. Symptoms: young leaves on shoots several crops withered and old leaves, yellowing leaves bottom. Control: Sanitation garden, crop rotation. Prevention by use of Natural Glio before or early in the planting.
Root rot disease
Cause: The fungus Colleotrichum coccodes. Symptoms: The leaves turn yellow and curl, then withered and dry. The plant is located in the ground there were patches of brown. Infection will cause the roots and young tubers rot. Control: crop rotation, sanitation, gardens and use good seed. Prevention by use of Natural Glio on before or early planting
Fusarium Disease
Cause: The fungus Fusarium sp. Symptoms: rotten bulbs that causes plants to wilt. This disease also attacks the potatoes in the warehouse storage. Infection enter through the wounds caused by nematodes / mechanical factors. Control: avoid the occurrence of injuries at the time of weeding and pendangiran. Prevention by use of Natural Glio before or early in the planting.
Dry spot disease (Early Blight)
Cause: The fungus Alternaria solani. Fungi live disisa sick plant and grow in dry areas. Symptoms: small stained leaves scattered irregularly, dark brown color, extends to young leaves. Tuber skin surface stained irregularly dark, dry, wrinkled and hard. Control: crop rotation. Prevention: Natural Glio before / early planting
Diseases due to virus
Viruses that attack are: (1) Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) causes the leaves to roll, (2) Potato virus X (PVX) causes latent mosaic on the leaves, (3) Potato Virus Y (PVY) causes mosaic or local necrosis; ( 4) Potato Virus A (PVA) causes mosaic software, (5) Potato virus M (PVM) causes mosaic of rolling, (6) Potato Virus S (PVS) causes mosaic limp. Symptoms: in the attack, the plants grow stunted, straight and pale with kecil-kecil/tidak tuber yield at all; leaf yellowing and tissue death. The spread of viruses carried by farm equipment, aphids Aphis spiraecola, A. gossypii and Myzus persicae, and Coccinella Epilachna beetles and nematodes. Control: no pesticides to control the virus, prevention and control is done by planting virus-free seedlings, clean equipment, cut and burn the sick plants, vector control with PESTONA or BVR and crop rotation.
Note: If a pest control using natural pesticides can not cope with the recommended use of chemical pesticides. To be more evenly spraying of chemical pesticides and are not easily lost by rainwater add Adhesives Straighten AERO 810, dose + 5 ml (1 / 2 cap) / tank.
3.6. Harvest
Age on potato harvest ranged from 90-180 days, depending on the varieties of plants. Physically potato can already be harvested when the leaves have a yellowish color that is not caused disease attack; stem of the plant has yellow (slightly dry) and peel will be correlated with the tuber flesh, peeling skin is not fast when rubbed with fingers.
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