Onion Farming
INTRODUCTION Red onion (Allium cepa) is one of horticultural commodities that are needed by humans. To be successful cultivation of onions we are faced with various problems (risks) in the field. Among them the way of cultivation, pests and diseases, lack of micro elements, etc. which cause production to decline. Noting that, PT. NUSANTARA NATURAL attempt to help resolve the problem. One of them with the increase in onion production in quantity, quality and sustainability (K - 3), so that farmers can produce and to compete in the era of free trade.
A. PRE-PLANTING 1. Growing Conditions Shallots can be grown in paddy field soil or moor, moderate to clay texture. Alluvial soil types, humus or Latosol Glei, pH 5.6 - 6.5, height of 000-400 meters above sea level, humidity 50-70%, temperature of 25-320 C
2. Soil Processing Manure spread on land with a dose of 0.5 to 1 ton / 1000 m2 Diluku then raked (let + 1 week) Created beds with a width of 120 -180 cm Among the planting beds made water channel (canal) with a width of 40-50 cm and a depth of 50 cm. If the soil pH is less than 5.6 were given doses Dolomite + 1.5 tonnes / ha spread over the beds and mixed well with soil and allow 2 weeks. To prevent attack wilt disease GLIO sprinkle 100 g (1 packet GLIO) 25-50 kg of manure mixed with cooked, let sit for 1 week and then sprinkle evenly over the beds. '
3. Basic Fertilizers Give fertilizer: 2-4 kg 7-15 kg Urea + ZA + 15-25 kg SP-36 evenly over the seedbed and mix evenly with the soil. Or if used NPK Compound Fertilizer (15-15-15) dose ± 20 kg / 1000 m2 flat on the ground in mixed beds.
Pour fertilizer SUPER NASA has been mixed water evenly over the beds with a dose of ± 10 botol/1000 m2 by means of: - Alternative 1: 1 bottle of Super Nasa diluted in 3 liters of water used as mother liquor. Then every 50 liters of water were given 200 cc of mother liquor had to flush the beds. - Alternative 2: every 1 gembor volume of 10 l was given a spoon to eat Super Nasa pressed to flush the beds 5-10 meters. Leave on for 5-7 days
4. Selection of Seedlings - The size of the optimal seed size is 3-4 g / tuber. - Bulbs good seed which had been stored 2-3 months and are still within the bounds of tuber (tuber still leaves) - Bulbs should be healthy seedlings, characterized by a compact tuber shape (not porous), tuber skin is not hurt (do not peel or sparkling)
B. PLANTING PHASE 1. Planting Distance In the Dry Season, 15 x 15 cm, Ilocos varieties, Tadayung or Bangkok In the Rainy Season 20 x 15 cm varieties Tiron
2. How to Plant Tuber seeds were soaked first in NASA + water solution (dosage 1 cap / lt of water) GLIO Sprinkle evenly on the seed tuber which had been soaked NASA Save for 2 days before planting At planting time, all the bulbs ready to plant seeds that have been buried in the soil surface. For each hole planted one seed tuber.
C. EARLY GROWTH (00-10 DAT) 1. Observations Pests Beware Onion caterpillar pests (Spodoptera exigua or S. litura), eggs laid at the base and tip of onion leaves in groups, a maximum of 80 points. Egg white coated threads like cotton.
Groups of eggs found in the family of plants should be taken and destroyed. Populations above the economic threshold control with VIREXI or VITURA. Usually the onions more frequently attacked by armyworm Spodoptera exigua species are characterized by a black line on the abdomen / black necklace around his neck, is controlled by VIREXI.
Silkworm ground. This caterpillar is brown-black. On the tip / point of growth and stem look fall by the cut stem. Collection of worms at dusk / night. Maintain cleanliness of the remains of plants or grasses that finished nest. Spray with PESTONA. Diseases to watch out at the beginning of the growth is Fusarium wilt disease. Symptoms of this disease is characterized by yellowing of green onion, then quickly wilted plants (Java: ngoler). Plants attacked revoked and then dumped or burned at a distance. Preventive control with GLIO.
2. Weeding and Pembumbunan The first weeding is done ages 7-10 DAT and mechanically to remove weeds or wild plants that may be used as the host caterpillar pests onions. At the time of egg retrieval done weeding onions
Pendangiran done, namely the soil around plants and dibumbun didangir for onion roots are always covered with soil. In addition, beds are damaged or landslides have trimmed back by strengthening the edges of the gutter with mud from the bottom of the channel (in Bradford called throwing).
3. Fertilization maintenance / continuation Dosage varies depending on the type and condition of the local soil. If the excess urea / ZA can result in a thick neck bulbs and tubers small, but if less, stunted plant growth and leaf yellowing pale. Lack of KCl can also cause drying leaf tips and a small tuber.
Fertilization is done 2 times (Doses per 1000 m2): - 2 weeks: 5-9 kg Urea kg ZA +10-20 +10-14 kg KCl - 4 weeks: 3-7 kg 7-15 kg Urea + KCl ZA +12-17 kg Mix evenly across the three types of fertilizer and apply around the clump of plants or kerf. At the time of delivery should not be exposed to the plant so that leaf scorch and impaired growth. Or if used NPK Compound Fertilizer (15-15-15) dose ± 20 kg / 1000 m2 is given at the age ± 2 weeks.
4. Irrigation At the beginning of the growth is watering two times, ie morning and evening. Try morning watering early as possible at the time still seems moist leeks to reduce disease. Afternoon watering is stopped if the percentage of growing plants has reached over 90% High salinity water is not good for the growth of red onion High water level in the channel (canal) is maintained as high as 20 cm from the surface of planting beds
D. Vegetative phase (11-35 DAP) 1. Observations Pests and Diseases Caterpillar pests of onion, S. and S. litura exigua Thrips, began to attack the age of 30 DAT because of the humidity around the plant is relatively high with an average temperature above normal. Scallions attacked as they were white shiny silver heavy attack occurred at temperatures above normal with humidity above 70%. If found offensive, watering done during the day, observe predatory tiger beetle. Populations above the economic threshold control with BVR or PESTONA.
Purple spots or Trotol disease, caused by the fungus Alternaria porii through tubers or splashing water from the soil. Symptoms of the attack marked the presence of concentric rings of purple spots or white-gray leaves and yellow leaves on the edge and ends mongering. The attack on the tubers after harvest resulted in tuber rot until watery with yellow to brownish red. If there is light rain soon be watering. Preventive with stocking GLIO.
Antraknose disease or automatic, is caused by the fungus Colletotricum gloesporiodes. Symptoms of attack is characterized the formation of white patches on the leaves, which subsequently formed the curve will cause leaf broken simultaneously (Bradford term: automatic). If there are symptoms, the infected plants were burned and destroyed immediately revoked. For fungi that exist within the land controlled by GLIO
Disease by the virus. - Symptoms are stunted growth, leaf yellowing, curved in all directions and droop and child is little. Try using a virus-free seed and crop rotation in addition to class-bawangan onions.
Rotten tubers by bacteria. - Bulbs are attacked so rotten and smelly. Ordinary attack after harvest. Try a dry place. - Rot tuber / neck stem by the fungus. - The part that affected so soft, curved and colored gray. Keep the soil is not too muddy (drainage control). - For prevention of pests and disease try to crop rotation with other crops (not class-bawangan Onion. PESTICIDES Chemical used as a last resort to cope with pests and disease.
2. Crop Management - Weeding both performed at the age of 30-35 HST continued pendagiran, pembumbunan and repair of damaged beds.
- NASA POC Spraying with a dose of 4-5 cap / tank once every 7-10 days starting 7 days after planting to the day 50-55. From today to 35 spraying coupled with a dose of 1-2 HORMONIK cap / tank (mixed with NASA). - Irrigation, watering 1x per day in the morning, if there Thrips attack and there was light rain watering done during the day.
E. Tuber formation (36 - 50HST) In the observation phase of HPT as vegetative phase, which need to be considered is the irrigation. It took a lot of water during the dry season so we need watering twice a day ie morning and evening.
F. Tuber maturation (51-65 DAP) At this phase is not so much water so that watering is only done once a day in the afternoon.
G. HARVEST AND HARVEST Paca 1. Harvest > 60-90% of leaves have fallen, the lowland harvest at 55-70 days of age, plateau age of 70-90 days. > Harvest is done on a sunny morning and the ground does not tarnish > Harvesting the withdrawal of the stem and leaves. Next 5-10 clumps bound together bond (Java: dipocong)
2. Post-Harvest - Drying with woven bamboo mat (Java: gedeg). The first drying for 5-7 days with the leaf facing up, dry leaves objectives. The second drying selama2-3 day with a bulb facing upwards, in order to dry the bulbs and tubers as well as cleaning of the remaining dirt or peeling skin and soil-borne from the field. 89 The water content of 85% of new stored in a warehouse. - Storage, red onion ties hung on bamboo racks. Aeration is well organized, 26-290C storage temperature humidity 70-80%, sanitation warehouse.
A. PRE-PLANTING 1. Growing Conditions Shallots can be grown in paddy field soil or moor, moderate to clay texture. Alluvial soil types, humus or Latosol Glei, pH 5.6 - 6.5, height of 000-400 meters above sea level, humidity 50-70%, temperature of 25-320 C
2. Soil Processing Manure spread on land with a dose of 0.5 to 1 ton / 1000 m2 Diluku then raked (let + 1 week) Created beds with a width of 120 -180 cm Among the planting beds made water channel (canal) with a width of 40-50 cm and a depth of 50 cm. If the soil pH is less than 5.6 were given doses Dolomite + 1.5 tonnes / ha spread over the beds and mixed well with soil and allow 2 weeks. To prevent attack wilt disease GLIO sprinkle 100 g (1 packet GLIO) 25-50 kg of manure mixed with cooked, let sit for 1 week and then sprinkle evenly over the beds. '
3. Basic Fertilizers Give fertilizer: 2-4 kg 7-15 kg Urea + ZA + 15-25 kg SP-36 evenly over the seedbed and mix evenly with the soil. Or if used NPK Compound Fertilizer (15-15-15) dose ± 20 kg / 1000 m2 flat on the ground in mixed beds.
Pour fertilizer SUPER NASA has been mixed water evenly over the beds with a dose of ± 10 botol/1000 m2 by means of: - Alternative 1: 1 bottle of Super Nasa diluted in 3 liters of water used as mother liquor. Then every 50 liters of water were given 200 cc of mother liquor had to flush the beds. - Alternative 2: every 1 gembor volume of 10 l was given a spoon to eat Super Nasa pressed to flush the beds 5-10 meters. Leave on for 5-7 days
4. Selection of Seedlings - The size of the optimal seed size is 3-4 g / tuber. - Bulbs good seed which had been stored 2-3 months and are still within the bounds of tuber (tuber still leaves) - Bulbs should be healthy seedlings, characterized by a compact tuber shape (not porous), tuber skin is not hurt (do not peel or sparkling)
B. PLANTING PHASE 1. Planting Distance In the Dry Season, 15 x 15 cm, Ilocos varieties, Tadayung or Bangkok In the Rainy Season 20 x 15 cm varieties Tiron
2. How to Plant Tuber seeds were soaked first in NASA + water solution (dosage 1 cap / lt of water) GLIO Sprinkle evenly on the seed tuber which had been soaked NASA Save for 2 days before planting At planting time, all the bulbs ready to plant seeds that have been buried in the soil surface. For each hole planted one seed tuber.
C. EARLY GROWTH (00-10 DAT) 1. Observations Pests Beware Onion caterpillar pests (Spodoptera exigua or S. litura), eggs laid at the base and tip of onion leaves in groups, a maximum of 80 points. Egg white coated threads like cotton.
Groups of eggs found in the family of plants should be taken and destroyed. Populations above the economic threshold control with VIREXI or VITURA. Usually the onions more frequently attacked by armyworm Spodoptera exigua species are characterized by a black line on the abdomen / black necklace around his neck, is controlled by VIREXI.
Silkworm ground. This caterpillar is brown-black. On the tip / point of growth and stem look fall by the cut stem. Collection of worms at dusk / night. Maintain cleanliness of the remains of plants or grasses that finished nest. Spray with PESTONA. Diseases to watch out at the beginning of the growth is Fusarium wilt disease. Symptoms of this disease is characterized by yellowing of green onion, then quickly wilted plants (Java: ngoler). Plants attacked revoked and then dumped or burned at a distance. Preventive control with GLIO.
2. Weeding and Pembumbunan The first weeding is done ages 7-10 DAT and mechanically to remove weeds or wild plants that may be used as the host caterpillar pests onions. At the time of egg retrieval done weeding onions
Pendangiran done, namely the soil around plants and dibumbun didangir for onion roots are always covered with soil. In addition, beds are damaged or landslides have trimmed back by strengthening the edges of the gutter with mud from the bottom of the channel (in Bradford called throwing).
3. Fertilization maintenance / continuation Dosage varies depending on the type and condition of the local soil. If the excess urea / ZA can result in a thick neck bulbs and tubers small, but if less, stunted plant growth and leaf yellowing pale. Lack of KCl can also cause drying leaf tips and a small tuber.
Fertilization is done 2 times (Doses per 1000 m2): - 2 weeks: 5-9 kg Urea kg ZA +10-20 +10-14 kg KCl - 4 weeks: 3-7 kg 7-15 kg Urea + KCl ZA +12-17 kg Mix evenly across the three types of fertilizer and apply around the clump of plants or kerf. At the time of delivery should not be exposed to the plant so that leaf scorch and impaired growth. Or if used NPK Compound Fertilizer (15-15-15) dose ± 20 kg / 1000 m2 is given at the age ± 2 weeks.
4. Irrigation At the beginning of the growth is watering two times, ie morning and evening. Try morning watering early as possible at the time still seems moist leeks to reduce disease. Afternoon watering is stopped if the percentage of growing plants has reached over 90% High salinity water is not good for the growth of red onion High water level in the channel (canal) is maintained as high as 20 cm from the surface of planting beds
D. Vegetative phase (11-35 DAP) 1. Observations Pests and Diseases Caterpillar pests of onion, S. and S. litura exigua Thrips, began to attack the age of 30 DAT because of the humidity around the plant is relatively high with an average temperature above normal. Scallions attacked as they were white shiny silver heavy attack occurred at temperatures above normal with humidity above 70%. If found offensive, watering done during the day, observe predatory tiger beetle. Populations above the economic threshold control with BVR or PESTONA.
Purple spots or Trotol disease, caused by the fungus Alternaria porii through tubers or splashing water from the soil. Symptoms of the attack marked the presence of concentric rings of purple spots or white-gray leaves and yellow leaves on the edge and ends mongering. The attack on the tubers after harvest resulted in tuber rot until watery with yellow to brownish red. If there is light rain soon be watering. Preventive with stocking GLIO.
Antraknose disease or automatic, is caused by the fungus Colletotricum gloesporiodes. Symptoms of attack is characterized the formation of white patches on the leaves, which subsequently formed the curve will cause leaf broken simultaneously (Bradford term: automatic). If there are symptoms, the infected plants were burned and destroyed immediately revoked. For fungi that exist within the land controlled by GLIO
Disease by the virus. - Symptoms are stunted growth, leaf yellowing, curved in all directions and droop and child is little. Try using a virus-free seed and crop rotation in addition to class-bawangan onions.
Rotten tubers by bacteria. - Bulbs are attacked so rotten and smelly. Ordinary attack after harvest. Try a dry place. - Rot tuber / neck stem by the fungus. - The part that affected so soft, curved and colored gray. Keep the soil is not too muddy (drainage control). - For prevention of pests and disease try to crop rotation with other crops (not class-bawangan Onion. PESTICIDES Chemical used as a last resort to cope with pests and disease.
2. Crop Management - Weeding both performed at the age of 30-35 HST continued pendagiran, pembumbunan and repair of damaged beds.
- NASA POC Spraying with a dose of 4-5 cap / tank once every 7-10 days starting 7 days after planting to the day 50-55. From today to 35 spraying coupled with a dose of 1-2 HORMONIK cap / tank (mixed with NASA). - Irrigation, watering 1x per day in the morning, if there Thrips attack and there was light rain watering done during the day.
E. Tuber formation (36 - 50HST) In the observation phase of HPT as vegetative phase, which need to be considered is the irrigation. It took a lot of water during the dry season so we need watering twice a day ie morning and evening.
F. Tuber maturation (51-65 DAP) At this phase is not so much water so that watering is only done once a day in the afternoon.
G. HARVEST AND HARVEST Paca 1. Harvest > 60-90% of leaves have fallen, the lowland harvest at 55-70 days of age, plateau age of 70-90 days. > Harvest is done on a sunny morning and the ground does not tarnish > Harvesting the withdrawal of the stem and leaves. Next 5-10 clumps bound together bond (Java: dipocong)
2. Post-Harvest - Drying with woven bamboo mat (Java: gedeg). The first drying for 5-7 days with the leaf facing up, dry leaves objectives. The second drying selama2-3 day with a bulb facing upwards, in order to dry the bulbs and tubers as well as cleaning of the remaining dirt or peeling skin and soil-borne from the field. 89 The water content of 85% of new stored in a warehouse. - Storage, red onion ties hung on bamboo racks. Aeration is well organized, 26-290C storage temperature humidity 70-80%, sanitation warehouse.
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